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| Photo: Wikipedia |
America’s
seventh president, Andrew Jackson, embodied an “unruly, ambitious, and
contentious” leadership style, making him an unconventional and controversial people’s
president, not unlike the current President Donald Trump.
“He was
loved, loathed, revered, reviled, but never ignored.” He was a giant in his own
right, and a physically tall man (6 ft 1), weighing 144 lbs., with a size seven
shoes that nobody could fill. His courage was legendary, having joined the
Revolutionary battlefield at the age of 13, never shying away from brawls and
duels.
His troops
admired him for his courage and iron will and thus nicknamed him Old Hickory. Without
formal training as a soldier, Jackson was elected general because people liked
his strength, charm, and charisma, he was not a “Sunday Soldier.” He never asked
tasks of his soldiers that he himself was not willing to do.
When Jackson
called for enlistments in the coming war of 1812, he famously said, “… we are the
born sons of America; the citizens of the only republic now existing in the
world; and the only people on earth who possess rights, liberties, and property
which they dare call their own.” (March 12, 1812)
His bold
personality seldom considered consequences and he marched forth. He campaigned
and appealed to the common man ideals thus transforming American politics.
Most
renowned for the Battle of New Orleans, Jackson designed a victory that stunned
the British. He was instrumental in the westward expansion at the cost of Indian
removal from their lands.
Jackson was a firm Unionist, but his grandsons joined the
Confederate Army during the Civil War. When he defeated the Creek Indians in
1814, the U.S. Army rewarded him with a commission as a Major General in the
regular army.
Photo: Ileana Johnson, April 2019
Not far from
the airport in Nashville, Tennessee, a “four-hour carriage ride from downtown
Nashville” of long ago, is the former plantation and mansion called Hermitage
as well as the Jacksons original log home in which they lived during the
frontier era of America. Two natural springs still provide water today.
Photo: Ileana Johnson, April 2019
Archeologists
had found evidence at the Hermitage that Indian cultures thrived here –
projectile chiseled rock points were dug from different parts of the property. Two
tornadoes and lots of historical changes have altered the Hermitage landscape over
time. As the fortunes of the Jacksons declined after the Civil War and slavery
ended, a public museum and a hospital for invalid Confederate veterans were
created at the farm after 1889. (Museum Archives)
Back side of the mansion
Photo: Ileana Johnson, April 2019
An archived
deed shows that Jackson sold his riverfront home, Hunter’s Hill for $10,000 and
used the money to buy the neighboring farm and to pay off debts. He invested in
1805 with other business partners into a general store, a tavern, a boatyard,
and a horse breeding and racing operation at nearby Clover Bottom. The store
sold goods from Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New Orleans such as cloth,
buttons, blankets, nails, hoes, and comb cases. After two years of operation, the
venture proved unprofitable, so he concentrated his efforts in agricultural
production.
Cows at the Hermitage
Photo: Ileana Johnson 2019
The original
425-acre frontier farm which he bought in 1804 from Nathaniel Hays for $3,400 eventually
developed into a 1,000-acre cotton plantation where slaves picked cotton,
200-300 lbs. per day each until their hands were bleeding from the rough plant
and then ginned it into 500-pound bales. At first, the seeds inside the cotton
bowl had to be picked painstakingly by hand as well. Eli Whitney invented the
first mechanical cotton gin in 1793 which made the lives of those picking
cotton somewhat easier.
Andrew and Rachel Jackson's tomb at the Hermitage
Photo: Ileana Johnson 2019
Andrew
Jackson’s love for Rachel Donelson and their subsequent marriage in 1791 was
marred by a lifelong scandal as it happened before Rachel’s marriage to her
first husband had legally ended. Jackson remarried her in 1794. They are still
together in death, buried in the “Greek-inspired garden tomb Andrew built for
Rachel in 1831, where he joined her in 1845.” He was so grief-stricken by her
sudden death that he refused to believe she was dead and had surgeons bleed her
– there is a white nightcap stained post-mortem with her blood.
Jackson was a war hero and quite popular with “farmers,
mechanics, and laborers.” They supported his presidency for two terms, upsetting
the status quo and the elite Washington establishment. They derided him as
having brought “muddy boots and common voices” into the White House.
Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, the same year and month
his father died. Although very young, he participated in the Battle of Hanging
Rock in 1780. A year later, both he and his brother Robert were prisoners of
war and contracted small pox; unfortunately, his brother died. His mother
Elizabeth died a year later in the cholera epidemic and Jackson was orphaned at
the age of 14.
Jackson’s career included delegate to the Tennessee
Constitutional Convention (1796), Tennessee’s first U.S. Representative (1796),
U.S. Senate First Term (1797-1798), Judge of Tennessee’s Superior Court
(1798-1804), commander of the Tennessee Militia with the rank of Colonel
(1801), Major General of the Tennessee Militia (1802).
Andrew Jackson attained the impossible – he fought
successfully against the world’s greatest power at the time in order to win New
Orleans, the Jewel of the American West and the gateway to control the Mississippi
River. New Orleans was a major trade port which connected America to the Gulf
of Mexico. The British could potentially bring troops from Canada and split the
nation in two parts.
Jackson’s earthworks in New Orleans, “built along a
four-foot ditch stretching from swamp to riverside” for the purpose of
installing cannon, were attacked at dawn on January 8, 1815. The British
troops, 8,392 strong and well trained were overwhelmed by American cannon and
sharpshooters with rifles and muskets. Their casualties mounted quickly, 291
killed, 1,262 wounded, and 484 missing. The American troops (5,359) suffered 13
killed, 39 wounded, and 19 missing.
Jackson’s army was a “ragtag of soldiers, sailors, militia,
volunteers, Indians, and free blacks.” He had a short period of time to train these
Americans to fight in battle as a regimented group.
His victory in New Orleans and the prior Treaty of Ghent
(Belgium) that ended the war of 1812 set off a wave of nationalistic pride,
celebrations, and parades. Jackson became a national hero, so popular that it
carried him all the way to the White House. The wounded pride of America by the
burning of Washington, the nation’s dignity, the uncertainty of its existence for
three years, had been finally restored by Jackson’s victory.
Composers wrote music to celebrate his unexpected victory
and his face adorned coins, medals, plates, pitchers, silk ribbons, handkerchiefs,
posters, papers, and other memorabilia. He was the rock star of his day.
His success assured his reputation as an aggressive fighter
which allegedly intimidated Indian tribes into ceding millions of acres of
land, “setting the stage for the cotton boom in the American South.” Jackson used bribery and force and pressured
Spain to contract their empire. By 1821
when Jackson resigned his commission, “the United States – for the first time –
stretched from Florida to the Pacific Northwest.” (Museum Archives)
View of the working fields and Uncle Alfred's cabin from Jackson's window
Photo: Ileana Johnson, April 2019
The Hermitage is a National Historic Landmark. In addition
to the mansion, the slave quarters, the President’s Tomb, the Jackson Family
Cemetery, the First Hermitage, the Hermitage Church, and the beautiful acre
garden, the mansion grounds and its 1.5-mile nature trail tell the story of the
once working plantation.
Back porch at Hermitage
Photo: Ileana, April 2019
The First Hermitage was a log two-story farmhouse in which
Rachel and Andrew Jackson lived from 1804-1821. After they built the brick
mansion, the log house was converted into a one-story house for the slaves. According to museum curators, 90% of the furnishing in the mansion are original.
The Ladies’ Hermitage Association planted a double line of
trees in 1915 as an entryway for visitors coming in cars. Each tree came from a
battlefield where Jackson fought - sugar maple, willow oak, black cherry, sweet
gum, and cedar. It was called the War Road.
Rachel's English garden
Photo: Ileana, April 2019
Rachel’s beautiful garden design has four squares with
center flower beds. This style is the English tradition that dates to the
middle ages.
Hermitage Cemetery
Photo: Ileana, April 2019
President Jackson and his beloved Rachel are buried in the Greek
revival tomb located in the right-hand corner of the garden. His tombstone
reads simply, General Andrew Jackson. Jackson believed that the evil gossip about
the circumstances of their marriage, and attacks from his enemies during his
bid for the White House, caused Rachel’s stress and eventual death at the age
of 61 on December 22, 1828. Witnesses said that he visited her tomb daily after
his presidency ended. He was laid to rest next to her on June 8, 1845.
Uncle Alfred's headstone
Photo: Ileana, April 2019
To the right of the President’s tomb, a simple headstone
reads “Uncle Alfred.” Alfred Jackson was a former Hermitage enslaved worker who
had requested that the Ladies’ Hermitage Association bury him next to Jackson’s
tomb. He died in 1901 at the age of 98.
Alfred's slave cabin at Hermitage
Photo: Ileana, April 2019
His cabin still stands as it was when he worked as a
caretaker and guide for visitors. He had witnessed the rise and fall of the
plantation and its turn into a shrine to Andrew Jackson. He was born at the
Hermitage and worked as a wagoner in charge of horses and vehicles. After the
Civil War, he rented 24 acres from the Jackson family and raised cotton and
made butter for sale. He had moved into the log dwelling that became to be
known as Alfred’s cabin. Alfred was well known and was often asked to pose for
pictures with visitors.
Hermitage Smokehouse
Photo: Ileana, April 2019
The plantation was successful thanks to the hard sun-up to sun-down
labor of more than 150 enslaved black men, women, and children. They tended the
rotating crops, took care of animals, picked cotton, worked the fields, the smoke
house, and everything else that was needed to run the farm and to care for the
mansion’s occupants.
Crops of wheat, millet, oats, sorghum, and hemp provided
supplies for the plantation. Cotton fields were planted for the Jackson family profit.
Hermitage Dining Room
Photo: Ileana, April 2019
Three hundred acres of corn and pork provided diet staples
for everyone at the Hermitage. Slaves also raised the Jackson family’s kitchen
garden with varied vegetables and the fruit orchards. Jackson had encouraged slaves
to cultivate their own gardens as well.
Jackson built a cotton gin and press and made money by
ginning his neighbors’ cotton for a fee. A receipt survives that shows cotton
received at his gin and press from one John Donelson, Rachel’s brother.
Based on archive lists, it is known that the enslaved lived
in family groups, some of three generations. Duties ranged from tending to the
smokehouse, the icehouse, butchered animals, plucked chicken, making soap and
candles, doing laundry outdoors and cooking. Others cared for he distillery,
the carriage house, the stables, the horse training, the cotton gin, the
blacksmith shop, the carpenter’s shop, the corncribs, the weaving shop, the
bathhouse, the animal pens, the paddocks, and the wood piles.
Alfred posing with visitors as a free man
Photo: Museum archives
Even though Jackson treated his black slaves paternally and
called them his “black family,” when Nashville was captured by Union forces in
the Civil War, most of Jackson’s “black family” fled behind Union lines to
freedom, preferring an uncertain future over perpetual bondage.
Slaves were property and archival documents show that Jackson
had sold Maria Baker and her family in order to settle Andrew Jackson Jr.’s
debts.
On November 7, 1829, Jackson wrote to Graves W. Steele, “But
I say that I have concluded to retain you another year, it is on the express
conditions that you treat my negroes with humanity, & attention when sick; &
not work them too hard, when well – that you feed & clothe them well, and
that you carefully attend to my stock of all kinds, & particularly to my
mares & colts …”
The Nashville cemetery houses the tomb of Charles Dickinson.
Following a disagreement with Jackson and a subsequent duel thought petty by many
locals, Dickinson, a better marksman by all accounts, drew first and wounded
Jackson in the chest but Jackson fatally shot Dickinson. His death established Jackson’s reputation as
a violent man which was used amply by his opponents during his presidential
run. The incident was printed often on broadsheets.
Love him or hate him, our seventh president, Andrew Jackson,
left a significant mark on the history of our country.
Sources: Museum Archives in Nashville, TN
