Cetatea Fagarasului entrance (Photo: Ileana 2015) |
I thought we
were going to see a 14th century fortress but I discovered one of the
many prisons Ceausescu had used around the country to punish those who
disagreed with his regime and dared to protest his reign of terror.
Fagaras
Fortress was built between the 14th and 17th centuries. The
fortress was preceded by a wooden fortification and earthen wall dating from
the 12th century. In the 16th century the fortress was
transformed into a castle. Gabriel Rakosi I and Gabriel Bethlen, Transylvanian
princes, decorated it according to Renaissance models in the 17th
century.
Moat with Swans (Photo: Ileana 2015)
The Fagaras Fortress,
surrounded by a two-meter deep water moat (“fosse” in Old English) fed through
a channel from the Olt River (since 1676 from “Superior lake”), was so
impenetrable that, although attacked countless times, it was never conquered.
Scaffold (Photo: Ileana 2015)
The now green
exterior courtyard had a medieval scaffold, which had been used for the last
time in the 1970s. There was a carriage and a blacksmith’s shop with iron tools
and bellows.
Access to
the castle was made through two bridges (one pedestrian) and three consecutive
lifting gates. On the northern side, built on wooden pillars, there were two
powder houses (1667-1676). A boat and six swans were mentioned in 1656.
Surviving on daily ration of rye bread, the swans multiplied to nine and four
chicks by 1676. During our visit I saw two pairs of swans, a black and a white
one.
One of the many inner courtyards (Photo: Ileana 2015)
The museum
archives described how one Turkish historian, geographer, and traveler, Elvia
Celebi, who crisscrossed the Ottoman Empire for 40 years, actually participated
in the siege of Fagaras Fortress in 1661. He wrote that the Turks led by Ali
Pasha, after setting fire to the citadel, were met with resistance from many
soldiers and inhabitants gathered from the surrounding area. The Ottomans had
to withdraw after 14 days of siege.
Gabriel Bethlen
had a Hussars’ fortress built in 1623 in the northern part of the fortress, by
the moat. The Ottoman sieges must have destroyed the Hussars’ fortress because
it was never mentioned in any records or inventories after 1676.
Inner courtyard of the communist prison (photo: Ileana 2015)
According to
museum archives, “After 1696, the fortress became a garrison for the Austrian
army, then for the Magyar army, and after that for the Romanian army. Between
1948 and 1960 the fortress was a communist prison.”
Torture cell with tools (photo: Ileana 2015)
At the base
of the Prison Tower was the jailer’s house. Records in 1632 mentioned 12 leg
cuffs, 14 handcuffs, a tree trunk, an axe, leg iron weights, and a hangman’s
broadsword. Under the jailer Ambrus Janos the inventory of his torture chamber
swelled to 54 pairs of leg chains. By 1676, there were three dungeons in
existence. One of the castle towers housed an Iron Maiden, a particularly cruel
form of punishment. The unfortunate human was trapped inside an iron suit
fitted with spikes which pierced his body, avoiding vital organs, but allowing
for a slow and agonizingly painful death through blood loss.
Prison tower (photo: Ileana 2015)
The cells,
where anti-communist fighters from Fagaras Mountains and other parts of the
country were held between 1948-1960 when the fortress was a prison, were cold
and dark. The treatment of political prisoners was beyond brutal. National
Geographic mentioned that “During the brief moments when their cell doors were
opened, they scratched messages on the walls” which are still visible today.
Faces of some of the victims (photo: Ileana 2015)
The museum exhibited
photographs of those imprisoned and killed, original 1960 documents of
peasants’ obligations to turn in a quota of everything they produced or grew,
documents of rationed consumption, rationing of clothing and shoes, rationing
of consumption of meat permitted only on Saturday and Sunday for a total of 250
grams weekly, with a supplement for those who actually worked in a factory, and
the empty promise that bath soap and powdered detergent would be distributed
soon. This rang similar to the current rationed consumption and dire economic
situation in Venezuela where Hugo Chavez’s socialism has destroyed the once
self-sufficient economy.
Passage to one of the jails (photo: Ileana 2015)
Before the
socialists took complete control of the country, the Directive NKVD 2-6 of 1947
made sure that any farm would be unprofitable to farm or rent to farm in order
to facilitate collectivization. If the peasants offered more resistance to
collectivization, they were to be forced to turn over to the communist party a
higher quota of what they produced.
A poster
from that era stated, “Long live the Soviet Union, the liberator of the
Romanian people.” The Soviets actually destroyed every freedom and the wealth
and comfort that the Romanian people formerly enjoyed under the monarchy and
imprisoned them into a terrifying concentration camp unlike any other for 41
years.
“Let us
promise anything asked of us, but, when the moment will come, let us remember
that the communist honor is to not fulfill these promises,” said V.I. Lenin in
his “Empty words about freedom.”
The massive
propaganda was directed from Moscow because the Romanian commies did not have
experience yet. Under their guidance, the Romanian Communist Party started a
campaign of constant agitation and mobilization of the population, and non-stop
manufactured crises.
The “enemies
of the people” were identified during public meetings, press releases, and public
trials. Dailies, magazines, newspapers, posters, journals, brochures, and
pamphlets continued the indoctrination. An entire army of community organizers
were released to agitate the masses.
A massive
campaign to destroy the national memory, to falsify the past, and to rewrite
history and the present began. The press pushed communist utopia non-stop. “The
political police, under Soviet control, began a societal surveillance by agents
and informers,” according to museum archives.
Monument dedicated to anti-communism fighters (photo: Ileana 2015)
Once the
urban population and the elites were subjugated, next came the peasants’ turn; they
had been pretty much left alone until 1949. The commies made the peasants’ livelihood
very difficult by forcing them into obligatory back breaking quotas and by
controlling their commerce with agricultural products. The communists
eventually destroyed the peasants’ individual property rights. Small farmers
were constantly demonized, beaten, threatened, tortured, and imprisoned until
they relented to become part of the communist collectivization agricultural
machine.
In Tara
Fagarasului which is the larger area surrounding this fortress prison in
Cetatea Fagarasului, the social order was totally and systematically destroyed.
Eighty percent of the population was considered well-off farmers, wealthy
farmers, and middle peasants. More than
1,000 locals suffered in forced labor camps, were deported to communist prisons
around the country, and thousands of family members were discriminated and
maligned socially and economically.
The wealthy
farmer was labeled “chiabur,” from the Turkish word “kibar,” meaning “a good
steward.” The farmers were demonized and the word “chiabur” was successfully
used by communists as a label to justify repression against private land
owners. The manufactured word “chiabur”
was not unlike the bogus term of “white privilege” being floated by the main
stream media and academia in our own country.
The first
communist president, Gheorge Gheorghiu-Dej, was advising the apparatchiks
involved in the land confiscation, that they should confiscate land in such a
way that it did not look like nationalization, but at the same time, they
should not leave the land owners much, “just enough to buy a cigarette,” and to
pay them for their tractors scrap metal prices. “For better combines that do
not need much repair, we should pay them 5 percent more.” (Gheorghe
Gheorghiu-Dej speech on March 26, 1959)
Gheorghiu-Dej
continued, “If a rich landowner protested, he can be shot on the spot, to let
all know who would dare not to turn in their quotas what will befall them.”
(Instructions to all member of Securitate, 1948)
I still
remember, as a child, being forced to wait in long lines with my parents to
view this man’s body in state when he passed away. The entire country was
supposed to mourn his passing even though they hated his guts for what he had
done to the country.
To justify
the existence and establishment of the terror state, enemies had to be found.
If none were found, enemies had to be invented, said one of the Soviet
community organizers and agitators, Tzvetan Todorov. In 1951 forced
deportations spread ethnic Swabians and Romanians around the country, especially
those who opposed the regime and collectivization. Many were sent south in
Baragan and Basarabians were deported to Fagaras. But an armed resistance developed
in the Fagaras Mountains in Transylvania.
As part of
the same Directive, NKVD 2-6 of 1947, all parties had to be unified under one
party, making sure that all key positions would be occupied by the secret
(Soviet) services.
Weeping willows, a fitting tribute to those who died (photo: Ileana 2015)
Cetates
Fagarasului, the medieval fortress, saw the incarceration between September
1950-April 1960 of over 4,000 former employees from the Information Services,
State Security, military judges, policemen, diplomats, and those who helped the
anti-communism fighters. Prisoners were jailed without due process and without
sentencing. Because of the harsh and inhuman imprisonment conditions, 166
generals, officers, clerks, workers, and peasants died there.
I dug up a tiny
rock from the inner courtyard for my friend who collects stones from different
parts of the world. I washed it carefully before packing it, wondering how much
blood of innocents tortured or killed in battle or in prison had washed over
these rocks over the centuries.
The Anti-Communism monument is very powerful. It's cut-out cross shape lets you look through it and see the world. Beautiful!
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